Khees-xaws Ncauj Tsev Menyuam (Cervical Cancer)

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It develops when abnormal cells in the cervix grow uncontrollably. The good news is that cervical cancer can often be prevented and treated successfully when caught early.

What Causes Cervical Cancer?

Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that spreads through sexual contact. Not all HPV infections lead to cancer, but some high-risk types can cause cell changes in the cervix over time. Other risk factors include:

• Smoking

• Weakened immune system (such as from HIV)

• Long-term use of birth control pills

• Having multiple sexual partners

• Not getting regular Pap tests

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

In the early stages, cervical cancer may not cause any symptoms. However, as it progresses, signs may include:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding (between periods, after sex, or after menopause)

• Watery or bloody vaginal discharge with a strong odor

• Pelvic pain or pain during sex

Since these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, it’s important to see a doctor if you notice anything unusual.

How Is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?

Doctors use screening tests to detect cervical cancer early:

• Pap test (Pap smear): Looks for abnormal cells in the cervix that could turn into cancer.

• HPV test: Checks for high-risk types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer.

If these tests show abnormal results, additional exams, such as a colposcopy (a closer look at the cervix) or a biopsy (removing a small tissue sample), may be needed.

Complications of Cervical Cancer

If left untreated, cervical cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the bladder, intestines, lungs, and liver. This can make treatment more difficult and affect overall health.

Treatment Options

The treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage of the disease:

• Surgery: Removing the cancerous tissue or, in some cases, the entire uterus (hysterectomy).

• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to destroy cancer cells, often combined with radiation.

• Targeted therapy or immunotherapy: Newer treatments that help the body fight cancer more effectively.

Preventing Cervical Cancer

The best way to prevent cervical cancer is by taking proactive steps:

• Get the HPV vaccine: The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. It’s recommended for both boys and girls starting as early as age 9.

• Have regular Pap and HPV tests: Early detection can catch abnormal cells before they turn into cancer.

• Practice safe sex: Using condoms and limiting sexual partners can lower the risk of HPV infection.

• Quit smoking: Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer.

Final Thoughts

Cervical cancer is largely preventable and treatable, especially when detected early. Regular check-ups, vaccinations, and healthy habits can make a big difference in reducing the risk. If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor about screening and prevention.

References:

• National Cancer Institute: Cervical Cancer

• UpToDate: Cervical Cancer - The Basics